diff --git a/vli/Cargo.lock b/attic/vli/Cargo.lock
similarity index 100%
rename from vli/Cargo.lock
rename to attic/vli/Cargo.lock
diff --git a/vli/Cargo.toml b/attic/vli/Cargo.toml
similarity index 86%
rename from vli/Cargo.toml
rename to attic/vli/Cargo.toml
index 021a7a1c9..63f5e8814 100644
--- a/vli/Cargo.toml
+++ b/attic/vli/Cargo.toml
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ name = "vli"
 version = "0.1.0"
 edition = "2018"
 
-[profile.test]
+[profile.release]
 opt-level = 3
 lto = true
 codegen-units = 1
diff --git a/vli/src/lib.rs b/attic/vli/src/lib.rs
similarity index 82%
rename from vli/src/lib.rs
rename to attic/vli/src/lib.rs
index d4ef3302d..ae79d8c6e 100644
--- a/vli/src/lib.rs
+++ b/attic/vli/src/lib.rs
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ const HEX_CHARS: [char; 16] = ['0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9',
 /// This also means the size of a VLI must be a multiple of 64 bits. Note that the actual
 /// integer in it need not be exactly that length, just the capacity of the container.
 #[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[repr(transparent)]
 pub struct VLI<const LIMBS: usize> {
     n: [u64; LIMBS]
 }
@@ -31,6 +32,14 @@ impl<const LIMBS: usize> VLI<LIMBS> {
         Self { n: [0_u64; LIMBS ]}
     }
 
+    /// Get an integer with an undefined value.
+    /// This can be used in high performance code to avoid zeroing on new() when the
+    /// result will be overwritten right away by an operation.
+    #[inline(always)]
+    pub unsafe fn uninit() -> Self {
+        MaybeUninit::<VLI<LIMBS>>::uninit().assume_init()
+    }
+
     /// Set to zero.
     #[inline(always)]
     pub fn zero(&mut self) {
@@ -99,18 +108,33 @@ impl<const LIMBS: usize> VLI<LIMBS> {
         carry
     }
 
-    /// Multiply two inputs half the size of this integer to yield a full size result in this integer..
+    /// Subtract from this integer and return any remaining borrow bits.
+    pub fn sub_assign_borrow(&mut self, rhs: &Self) -> u64 {
+        let mut borrow = 0_u64;
+        for i in 0..LIMBS {
+            let left_ptr = unsafe { self.n.get_unchecked_mut(i) };
+            let left = *left_ptr;
+            let diff = left - *unsafe { rhs.n.get_unchecked(i) } - borrow;
+            borrow = (diff > left) as u64;
+            *left_ptr = diff;
+        }
+        borrow
+    }
+
+    /// Multiply two inputs half the size of this integer to yield a full size result in this integer.
     /// The multiplicand sizes MULT_LIMBS must be one half the LIMBS size of this integer.
     /// This is checked with an assertion. This isn't computed with the type system due
     /// to current limitations in const generics.
-    pub fn mul_extend_assign<const MULT_LIMBS: usize>(&mut self, lhs: &VLI<{ MULT_LIMBS }>, rhs: &VLI<{ MULT_LIMBS }>) {
+    pub fn mul_assign_widening<const MULT_LIMBS: usize>(&mut self, lhs: &VLI<{ MULT_LIMBS }>, rhs: &VLI<{ MULT_LIMBS }>) {
         assert_eq!(MULT_LIMBS, LIMBS / 2);
         let mut r01 = 0_u128;
         let mut r2 = 0_u64;
         let mut k = 0_usize;
         while k < MULT_LIMBS {
             for i in 0..k {
-                let l_product = (*unsafe { lhs.get_unchecked(i) } as u128) * (*unsafe { rhs.get_unchecked(k - i) } as u128);
+                debug_assert!(i < MULT_LIMBS);
+                debug_assert!((k - i) < MULT_LIMBS);
+                let l_product = (*unsafe { lhs.n.get_unchecked(i) } as u128) * (*unsafe { rhs.n.get_unchecked(k - i) } as u128);
                 r01 += l_product;
                 r2 += (r01 < l_product) as u64;
             }
@@ -120,12 +144,12 @@ impl<const LIMBS: usize> VLI<LIMBS> {
             k += 1;
         }
         while k < (LIMBS - 1) {
-            let mut i = (k + 1) - MULT_LIMBS;
-            while i < k && i < MULT_LIMBS {
-                let l_product = (*unsafe { lhs.get_unchecked(i) } as u128) * (*unsafe { rhs.get_unchecked(k - i) } as u128);
+            for i in ((k + 1) - MULT_LIMBS)..k {
+                debug_assert!(i < MULT_LIMBS);
+                debug_assert!((k - i) < MULT_LIMBS);
+                let l_product = (*unsafe { lhs.n.get_unchecked(i) } as u128) * (*unsafe { rhs.n.get_unchecked(k - i) } as u128);
                 r01 += l_product;
                 r2 += (r01 < l_product) as u64;
-                i += 1;
             }
             *unsafe { self.n.get_unchecked_mut(k) } = r01 as u64;
             r01 += (r01 >> 64) | ((r2 as u128) << 64);
@@ -139,14 +163,14 @@ impl<const LIMBS: usize> VLI<LIMBS> {
     /// If skip_leading_zeroes is true the returned byte vector will be the minimum size
     /// needed to hold the integer, or empty if it is zero. Otherwise it will always be
     /// LIMBS * 8 bytes in length.
-    pub fn to_vec(&self, skip_leading_zeroes: bool) -> Vec<u8> {
+    pub fn to_be_bytes(&self, skip_leading_zeroes: bool) -> Vec<u8> {
         let mut bytes: Vec<u8> = Vec::new();
         bytes.reserve(LIMBS * 8);
 
         let mut i = LIMBS as isize - 1;
         if skip_leading_zeroes {
             while i >= 0 {
-                let x: u64 = *unsafe { self.n.get_unchecked(i as usize) };
+                let x: u64 = self.n[i as usize];
                 if x != 0 {
                     let x = x.to_be_bytes();
                     for j in 0..8 {
@@ -161,7 +185,7 @@ impl<const LIMBS: usize> VLI<LIMBS> {
             }
         }
         while i >= 0 {
-            let _ = bytes.write_all(&(unsafe { self.n.get_unchecked(i as usize) }.to_be_bytes()));
+            let _ = bytes.write_all(&self.n[i as usize].to_be_bytes());
             i -= 1;
         }
 
@@ -178,7 +202,7 @@ impl<const LIMBS: usize> VLI<LIMBS> {
         let mut i = LIMBS as isize - 1;
         if skip_leading_zeroes {
             while i >= 0 {
-                let mut x: u64 = *unsafe { self.n.get_unchecked(i as usize) };
+                let mut x = self.n[i as usize];
                 if x != 0 {
                     let mut j = 0;
                     while j < 16 {
@@ -199,7 +223,7 @@ impl<const LIMBS: usize> VLI<LIMBS> {
             }
         }
         while i >= 0 {
-            let mut x: u64 = *unsafe { self.n.get_unchecked(i as usize) };
+            let mut x: u64 = self.n[i as usize];
             for _ in 0..16 {
                 s.push(HEX_CHARS[(x >> 60) as usize]);
                 x <<= 4;
@@ -220,21 +244,15 @@ impl<const LIMBS: usize> Add<&Self> for VLI<LIMBS> {
 
     #[inline(always)]
     fn add(mut self, rhs: &Self) -> Self::Output {
-        self.add_assign(rhs);
+        let _ = self.add_assign_carry(rhs);
         self
     }
 }
 
 impl<const LIMBS: usize> AddAssign<&Self> for VLI<LIMBS> {
+    #[inline(always)]
     fn add_assign(&mut self, rhs: &Self) {
-        let mut carry = 0_u64;
-        for i in 0..LIMBS {
-            let left_ptr = unsafe { self.n.get_unchecked_mut(i) };
-            let left = *left_ptr;
-            let sum = left + *unsafe { rhs.n.get_unchecked(i) } + carry;
-            carry = (sum < left) as u64;
-            *left_ptr = sum;
-        }
+        let _ = self.add_assign_carry(rhs);
     }
 }
 
@@ -243,21 +261,15 @@ impl<const LIMBS: usize> Sub<&Self> for VLI<LIMBS> {
 
     #[inline(always)]
     fn sub(mut self, rhs: &Self) -> Self::Output {
-        self.sub_assign(rhs);
+        let _ = self.sub_assign_borrow(rhs);
         self
     }
 }
 
 impl<const LIMBS: usize> SubAssign<&Self> for VLI<LIMBS> {
+    #[inline(always)]
     fn sub_assign(&mut self, rhs: &Self) {
-        let mut borrow = 0_u64;
-        for i in 0..LIMBS {
-            let left_ptr = unsafe { self.n.get_unchecked_mut(i) };
-            let left = *left_ptr;
-            let diff = left - *unsafe { rhs.n.get_unchecked(i) } - borrow;
-            borrow = (diff > left) as u64;
-            *left_ptr = diff;
-        }
+        let _ = self.sub_assign_borrow(rhs);
     }
 }
 
@@ -274,7 +286,13 @@ impl<const LIMBS: usize> Shl<usize> for VLI<LIMBS> {
 impl<const LIMBS: usize> ShlAssign<usize> for VLI<LIMBS> {
     fn shl_assign(&mut self, rhs: usize) {
         if rhs != 0 {
-            if rhs < 64 {
+            if rhs < (LIMBS * 64) {
+                let whole_limb_shifts = rhs >> 6;
+                if whole_limb_shifts != 0 {
+                    self.n.copy_within(0..(LIMBS - whole_limb_shifts), whole_limb_shifts);
+                    self.n[0..whole_limb_shifts].fill(0);
+                }
+                let rhs = rhs & 63;
                 let mut carry = 0_u64;
                 for i in 0..LIMBS {
                     let x_ptr = unsafe { self.n.get_unchecked_mut(i) };
@@ -302,7 +320,13 @@ impl<const LIMBS: usize> Shr<usize> for VLI<LIMBS> {
 impl<const LIMBS: usize> ShrAssign<usize> for VLI<LIMBS> {
     fn shr_assign(&mut self, rhs: usize) {
         if rhs != 0 {
-            if rhs < 64 {
+            if rhs < (LIMBS * 64) {
+                let whole_limb_shifts = rhs >> 6;
+                if whole_limb_shifts != 0 {
+                    self.n.copy_within(whole_limb_shifts..LIMBS, 0);
+                    self.n[(LIMBS - whole_limb_shifts)..LIMBS].fill(0);
+                }
+                let rhs = rhs & 63;
                 let mut carry = 0_u64;
                 let mut i = LIMBS as isize - 1;
                 while i >= 0 {
diff --git a/network-hypervisor/Cargo.toml b/network-hypervisor/Cargo.toml
index 154ebf4a3..a7d893557 100644
--- a/network-hypervisor/Cargo.toml
+++ b/network-hypervisor/Cargo.toml
@@ -3,6 +3,17 @@ name = "zerotier-network-hypervisor"
 version = "2.0.0"
 edition = "2018"
 
+# [profile.test]
+# opt-level = 3
+# lto = true
+# codegen-units = 1
+
+[profile.release]
+lto = true
+opt-level = 'z'
+codegen-units = 1
+panic = 'abort'
+
 [dependencies]
 rand_core = "^0"
 aes-gmac-siv = { path = "../aes-gmac-siv" }
diff --git a/network-hypervisor/src/crypto/balloon.rs b/network-hypervisor/src/crypto/balloon.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3c3ee5c32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/network-hypervisor/src/crypto/balloon.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+use std::convert::TryInto;
+use std::mem::MaybeUninit;
+
+#[inline(always)]
+fn hash_int_le(sha: &mut crate::crypto::hash::SHA512, i: u64) {
+    #[cfg(target_endian = "big")] {
+        sha.update(i.to_le_bytes());
+    }
+    #[cfg(target_endian = "little")] {
+        sha.update(unsafe { &*(&i as *const u64).cast::<[u8; 8]>() });
+    }
+}
+
+/// Compute balloon memory-hard hash using SHA-512.
+/// SPACE_COST must be a multiple of 64. This is checked with an assertion.
+/// DELTA is usually 3.
+pub fn hash<const SPACE_COST: usize, const TIME_COST: usize, const DELTA: usize>(password: &[u8], salt: &[u8]) -> [u8; crate::crypto::hash::SHA512_HASH_SIZE] {
+    assert_ne!(SPACE_COST, 0);
+    assert_eq!((SPACE_COST % 64), 0);
+
+    let mut buf: [u8; SPACE_COST] = unsafe { MaybeUninit::uninit().assume_init() };
+    let zero64 = [0_u8; 8];
+
+    /* Initial hash */
+    let mut sha = crate::crypto::hash::SHA512::new();
+    sha.update(&zero64); // 0 cnt
+    sha.update(password);
+    sha.update(salt);
+    buf[0..64].copy_from_slice(sha.finish_get_ref());
+
+    /* Expand */
+    let mut cnt = 1_u64;
+    let mut s: usize = 64;
+    while s < SPACE_COST {
+        sha.reset();
+        hash_int_le(&mut sha, cnt);
+        sha.update(&buf[(s - 64)..s]);
+        let ss = s + 64;
+        buf[s..ss].copy_from_slice(sha.finish_get_ref());
+        s = ss;
+        cnt += 1;
+    }
+
+    /* Mix */
+    for t in 0..TIME_COST {
+        sha.reset();
+        hash_int_le(&mut sha, cnt);
+        sha.update(&buf[(SPACE_COST - 64)..SPACE_COST]); // "previous" initially wraps back around to end
+        sha.update(&buf[0..64]);
+        buf[0..64].copy_from_slice(sha.finish_get_ref());
+        cnt += 1;
+
+        for i in 0..DELTA {
+            sha.reset();
+            hash_int_le(&mut sha, cnt);
+            sha.update(salt);
+            hash_int_le(&mut sha, t as u64);
+            sha.update(&zero64); // s == 0
+            hash_int_le(&mut sha, i as u64);
+            cnt += 1;
+
+            let other = sha.finish_get_ref();
+            let other = ((u64::from_le_bytes(unsafe { *other.as_ptr().cast::<[u8; 8]>() }) % (SPACE_COST as u64 / 64)) * 64) as usize;
+
+            sha.reset();
+            hash_int_le(&mut sha, cnt);
+            sha.update(&buf[0..64]);
+            sha.update(&buf[other..(other + 64)]);
+            buf[0..64].copy_from_slice(sha.finish_get_ref());
+            cnt += 1;
+        }
+
+        let mut s = 64;
+        while s < SPACE_COST {
+            sha.reset();
+            hash_int_le(&mut sha, cnt);
+            sha.update(&buf[(s - 64)..s]);
+            let ss = s + 64;
+            sha.update(&buf[s..ss]);
+            buf[s..ss].copy_from_slice(sha.finish_get_ref());
+            cnt += 1;
+
+            for i in 0..DELTA {
+                sha.reset();
+                hash_int_le(&mut sha, cnt);
+                sha.update(salt);
+                hash_int_le(&mut sha, t as u64);
+                hash_int_le(&mut sha, s as u64);
+                hash_int_le(&mut sha, i as u64);
+                cnt += 1;
+
+                let other = sha.finish_get_ref();
+                let other = ((u64::from_le_bytes(unsafe { *other.as_ptr().cast::<[u8; 8]>() }) % (SPACE_COST as u64 / 64)) * 64) as usize;
+
+                sha.reset();
+                hash_int_le(&mut sha, cnt);
+                sha.update(&buf[s..ss]);
+                sha.update(&buf[other..(other + 64)]);
+                buf[s..ss].copy_from_slice(sha.finish_get_ref());
+                cnt += 1;
+            }
+
+            s = ss;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Extract */
+    buf[(SPACE_COST - 64)..SPACE_COST].try_into().unwrap()
+}
+
+/*
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    #[test]
+    fn balloon_test() {
+        let start = std::time::SystemTime::now();
+        let mut tmp = 0_u8;
+        for _ in 0..100 {
+            let foo = crate::crypto::balloon::hash::<16384, 3, 3>(&[1_u8], &[2_u8]);
+            tmp = tmp.wrapping_add(foo[0]);
+        }
+        let duration = std::time::SystemTime::now().duration_since(start).unwrap();
+        println!("Benchmark: {}ms per hash (junk to prevent optimizing out: {})", (duration.as_nanos() as f64 / 100.0) / 1000000.0, tmp);
+    }
+}
+*/
diff --git a/network-hypervisor/src/crypto/c25519.rs b/network-hypervisor/src/crypto/c25519.rs
index 8ae85c288..f7b1c8d37 100644
--- a/network-hypervisor/src/crypto/c25519.rs
+++ b/network-hypervisor/src/crypto/c25519.rs
@@ -15,14 +15,14 @@ pub struct C25519KeyPair(x25519_dalek::StaticSecret, x25519_dalek::PublicKey);
 
 impl C25519KeyPair {
     #[inline(always)]
-    pub fn new() -> C25519KeyPair {
+    pub fn generate() -> C25519KeyPair {
         let sk = x25519_dalek::StaticSecret::new(rand_core::OsRng);
         let pk = x25519_dalek::PublicKey::from(&sk);
         C25519KeyPair(sk, pk)
     }
 
     #[inline(always)]
-    pub fn from_keys(public_key: &[u8], secret_key: &[u8]) -> Option<C25519KeyPair> {
+    pub fn from_bytes(public_key: &[u8], secret_key: &[u8]) -> Option<C25519KeyPair> {
         if public_key.len() == 32 && secret_key.len() == 32 {
             let pk: [u8; 32] = public_key.try_into().unwrap();
             let sk: [u8; 32] = secret_key.try_into().unwrap();
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ pub struct Ed25519KeyPair(ed25519_dalek::Keypair);
 
 impl Ed25519KeyPair {
     #[inline(always)]
-    pub fn new() -> Ed25519KeyPair {
+    pub fn generate() -> Ed25519KeyPair {
         let mut rng = rand_core::OsRng::default();
         Ed25519KeyPair(ed25519_dalek::Keypair::generate(&mut rng))
     }
@@ -72,6 +72,18 @@ impl Ed25519KeyPair {
         Ed25519KeyPair(ed25519_dalek::Keypair::from_bytes(&tmp).unwrap())
     }
 
+    #[inline(always)]
+    pub fn from_bytes(public_bytes: &[u8], secret_bytes: &[u8]) -> Option<Ed25519KeyPair> {
+        if public_bytes.len() == ED25519_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE && secret_bytes.len() == ED25519_SECRET_KEY_SIZE {
+            let mut tmp = [0_u8; 64];
+            tmp[0..32].copy_from_slice(public_bytes);
+            tmp[32..64].copy_from_slice(secret_bytes);
+            Some(Ed25519KeyPair(ed25519_dalek::Keypair::from_bytes(&tmp).unwrap()))
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
     #[inline(always)]
     pub fn public_bytes(&self) -> [u8; ED25519_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE] {
         self.0.public.to_bytes()
diff --git a/network-hypervisor/src/crypto/mod.rs b/network-hypervisor/src/crypto/mod.rs
index a44d8d9c9..ba3cde81e 100644
--- a/network-hypervisor/src/crypto/mod.rs
+++ b/network-hypervisor/src/crypto/mod.rs
@@ -3,3 +3,4 @@ pub mod hash;
 pub mod p521;
 pub mod salsa;
 pub mod poly1305;
+pub mod balloon;
diff --git a/network-hypervisor/src/crypto/p521.rs b/network-hypervisor/src/crypto/p521.rs
index 72ead04a4..466282f19 100644
--- a/network-hypervisor/src/crypto/p521.rs
+++ b/network-hypervisor/src/crypto/p521.rs
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ pub struct P521PublicKey {
 pub struct P521KeyPair {
     public_key: P521PublicKey,
     secret_key_for_ecdsa: SExpression, // secret key as a private-key S-expression
-    secret_key_for_ecdh: SExpression,  // secret key as a "data" S-expression for the weird gcrypt ECDH interface
+    secret_key_for_ecdh: SExpression,  // the same secret key as a "data" S-expression for the weird gcrypt ECDH interface
     secret_key_bytes: [u8; P521_SECRET_KEY_SIZE],
 }
 
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ impl P521KeyPair {
                                 public_key: pk_exp,
                                 public_key_bytes: [0_u8; P521_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE],
                             },
-                            secret_key_for_ecdsa: sk_exp,
+                            secret_key_for_ecdsa: SExpression::from_str(format!("(private-key(ecc(curve nistp521)(q #{}#)(d #{}#)))", crate::util::hex::to_string(pk), crate::util::hex::to_string(sk)).as_str()).unwrap(),
                             secret_key_for_ecdh: SExpression::from_str(format!("(data(flags raw)(value #{}#))", crate::util::hex::to_string(sk)).as_str()).unwrap(),
                             secret_key_bytes: [0_u8; P521_SECRET_KEY_SIZE],
                         };
@@ -111,6 +111,23 @@ impl P521KeyPair {
         })
     }
 
+    /// Construct this key pair from both a public and a private key.
+    pub fn from_bytes(public_bytes: &[u8], secret_bytes: &[u8]) -> Option<P521KeyPair> {
+        if secret_bytes.len() != P521_SECRET_KEY_SIZE {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let public_key = P521PublicKey::from_bytes(public_bytes);
+        if public_key.is_none() {
+            return None;
+        }
+        Some(P521KeyPair {
+            public_key: public_key.unwrap(),
+            secret_key_for_ecdsa: SExpression::from_str(format!("(private-key(ecc(curve nistp521)(q #04{}#)(d #{}#)))", crate::util::hex::to_string(public_bytes), crate::util::hex::to_string(secret_bytes)).as_str()).unwrap(),
+            secret_key_for_ecdh: SExpression::from_str(format!("(data(flags raw)(value #{}#))", crate::util::hex::to_string(secret_bytes)).as_str()).unwrap(),
+            secret_key_bytes: secret_bytes.try_into().unwrap(),
+        })
+    }
+
     #[inline(always)]
     pub fn public_key(&self) -> &P521PublicKey {
         &self.public_key
@@ -161,6 +178,9 @@ impl P521KeyPair {
 }
 
 impl P521PublicKey {
+    /// Construct a public key from a byte serialized representation.
+    /// None is returned if the input is not valid. No advanced checking such as
+    /// determining if this is a point on the curve is performed.
     pub fn from_bytes(b: &[u8]) -> Option<P521PublicKey> {
         if b.len() == P521_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE {
             Some(P521PublicKey {
@@ -188,10 +208,11 @@ impl P521PublicKey {
     pub fn public_key_bytes(&self) -> &[u8; P521_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE] {
         &self.public_key_bytes
     }
+}
 
-    #[inline(always)]
-    pub fn as_bytes(&self) -> [u8; P521_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE] {
-        self.public_key_bytes.clone()
+impl Clone for P521PublicKey {
+    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
+        P521PublicKey::from_bytes(&self.public_key_bytes).unwrap()
     }
 }
 
@@ -217,5 +238,11 @@ mod tests {
         if !sec0.eq(&sec1) {
             panic!("ECDH secrets do not match");
         }
+
+        let kp3 = P521KeyPair::from_bytes(kp.public_key_bytes(), kp.secret_key_bytes()).unwrap();
+        let sig = kp3.sign(&[3_u8]).unwrap();
+        if !kp.public_key().verify(&[3_u8], &sig) {
+            panic!("ECDSA verify failed (from key reconstructed from bytes)");
+        }
     }
 }
diff --git a/network-hypervisor/src/util/mod.rs b/network-hypervisor/src/util/mod.rs
index 05eadb521..c9cb9ac43 100644
--- a/network-hypervisor/src/util/mod.rs
+++ b/network-hypervisor/src/util/mod.rs
@@ -40,3 +40,5 @@ pub(crate) fn integer_load_be_u32(d: &[u8]) -> u32 {
 pub(crate) fn integer_load_be_u64(d: &[u8]) -> u64 {
     (d[0] as u64) << 56 | (d[1] as u64) << 48 | (d[2] as u64) << 40 | (d[3] as u64) << 32 | (d[4] as u64) << 24 | (d[5] as u64) << 16 | (d[6] as u64) << 8 | (d[7] as u64)
 }
+
+pub(crate) const ZEROES: [u8; 64] = [0_u8; 64];
diff --git a/network-hypervisor/src/vl1/buffer.rs b/network-hypervisor/src/vl1/buffer.rs
index 3dd4619d3..6a13d6e87 100644
--- a/network-hypervisor/src/vl1/buffer.rs
+++ b/network-hypervisor/src/vl1/buffer.rs
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ impl<H: RawObject, const L: usize> Buffer<H, L> {
     /// Append a dynamic byte slice (copy into buffer).
     /// Use append_and_init_ functions if possible as these avoid extra copies.
     #[inline(always)]
-    fn append_bytes(&mut self, buf: &[u8]) -> std::io::Result<()> {
+    pub fn append_bytes(&mut self, buf: &[u8]) -> std::io::Result<()> {
         let ptr = self.0;
         let end = ptr + buf.len();
         if end <= L {
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ impl<H: RawObject, const L: usize> Buffer<H, L> {
     /// Append a fixed length byte array (copy into buffer).
     /// Use append_and_init_ functions if possible as these avoid extra copies.
     #[inline(always)]
-    fn append_bytes_fixed<const S: usize>(&mut self, buf: &[u8; S]) -> std::io::Result<()> {
+    pub fn append_bytes_fixed<const S: usize>(&mut self, buf: &[u8; S]) -> std::io::Result<()> {
         let ptr = self.0;
         let end = ptr + S;
         if end <= L {
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ impl<H: RawObject, const L: usize> Buffer<H, L> {
 
     /// Append a byte
     #[inline(always)]
-    fn append_u8(&mut self, i: u8) -> std::io::Result<()> {
+    pub fn append_u8(&mut self, i: u8) -> std::io::Result<()> {
         let ptr = self.0;
         if ptr < L {
             self.0 = ptr + 1;
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ impl<H: RawObject, const L: usize> Buffer<H, L> {
 
     /// Append a 16-bit integer (in big-endian form)
     #[inline(always)]
-    fn append_u16(&mut self, i: u16) -> std::io::Result<()> {
+    pub fn append_u16(&mut self, i: u16) -> std::io::Result<()> {
         let ptr = self.0;
         let end = ptr + 2;
         if end <= L {
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ impl<H: RawObject, const L: usize> Buffer<H, L> {
 
     /// Append a 32-bit integer (in big-endian form)
     #[inline(always)]
-    fn append_u32(&mut self, i: u32) -> std::io::Result<()> {
+    pub fn append_u32(&mut self, i: u32) -> std::io::Result<()> {
         let ptr = self.0;
         let end = ptr + 4;
         if end <= L {
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ impl<H: RawObject, const L: usize> Buffer<H, L> {
 
     /// Append a 64-bit integer (in big-endian form)
     #[inline(always)]
-    fn append_u64(&mut self, i: u64) -> std::io::Result<()> {
+    pub fn append_u64(&mut self, i: u64) -> std::io::Result<()> {
         let ptr = self.0;
         let end = ptr + 8;
         if end <= L {
@@ -200,6 +200,12 @@ impl<H: RawObject, const L: usize> Buffer<H, L> {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Get the index of the start of the payload after the header.
+    #[inline(always)]
+    pub fn cursor_after_header(&self) -> usize {
+        size_of::<usize>()
+    }
+
     /// Get a structure at a given position in the buffer and advance the cursor.
     #[inline(always)]
     pub fn get_struct<T: RawObject>(&self, cursor: &mut usize) -> std::io::Result<&T> {
diff --git a/network-hypervisor/src/vl1/identity.rs b/network-hypervisor/src/vl1/identity.rs
index c23e189d0..41cf5d1a2 100644
--- a/network-hypervisor/src/vl1/identity.rs
+++ b/network-hypervisor/src/vl1/identity.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,20 @@
+use std::alloc::{Layout, dealloc, alloc};
+use std::ptr::{slice_from_raw_parts_mut, slice_from_raw_parts};
 use std::io::Write;
 
+use crate::vl1::Address;
+use crate::vl1::buffer::{Buffer, RawObject, NoHeader};
 use crate::crypto::c25519::{C25519_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE, ED25519_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE, C25519_SECRET_KEY_SIZE, ED25519_SECRET_KEY_SIZE, C25519KeyPair, Ed25519KeyPair};
 use crate::crypto::p521::{P521KeyPair, P521PublicKey, P521_ECDSA_SIGNATURE_SIZE, P521_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE, P521_SECRET_KEY_SIZE};
-use crate::vl1::Address;
-use crate::crypto::hash::SHA384;
+use crate::crypto::hash::{SHA384, SHA512, SHA512_HASH_SIZE};
+use crate::crypto::balloon;
+use crate::crypto::salsa::Salsa;
+
+const V0_IDENTITY_GEN_MEMORY: usize = 2097152;
+
+const V1_BALLOON_SPACE_COST: usize = 16384;
+const V1_BALLOON_TIME_COST: usize = 3;
+const V1_BALLOON_DELTA: usize = 3;
 
 #[derive(Copy, Clone)]
 #[repr(u8)]
@@ -11,28 +22,134 @@ pub enum Type {
     /// Curve25519 / Ed25519 identity (type 0)
     C25519 = 0,
     /// NIST P-521 ECDH / ECDSA identity (also has c25519/ed25519 keys for backward compability) (type 1)
-    P521 = 1
+    P521 = 1,
 }
 
 struct IdentitySecrets {
     c25519: C25519KeyPair,
     ed25519: Ed25519KeyPair,
-    p521: Option<(P521KeyPair, P521KeyPair)>, // ecdh key, ecdsa key
+    v1: Option<(P521KeyPair, P521KeyPair)>, // ecdh key, ecdsa key
 }
 
 pub struct Identity {
     address: Address,
-    c25519_public: [u8; C25519_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE],
-    ed25519_public: [u8; ED25519_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE],
-    p521_public: Option<(P521PublicKey, P521PublicKey, [u8; P521_ECDSA_SIGNATURE_SIZE])>, // ecdh key, ecdsa key, ecdsa signature of all keys
+    c25519: [u8; C25519_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE],
+    ed25519: [u8; ED25519_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE],
+    v1: Option<(P521PublicKey, P521PublicKey, [u8; P521_ECDSA_SIGNATURE_SIZE], [u8; SHA512_HASH_SIZE])>,
     secrets: Option<IdentitySecrets>,
 }
 
-impl Identity {
-    fn generate_c25519() {
+/// Compute result from the bespoke "frankenhash" from the old V0 work function.
+/// The supplied genmem_ptr must be of size V0_IDENTITY_GEN_MEMORY and aligned to an 8-byte boundary.
+fn v0_frankenhash(digest: &mut [u8; 64], genmem_ptr: *mut u8) {
+    let genmem = unsafe { &mut *slice_from_raw_parts_mut(genmem_ptr, V0_IDENTITY_GEN_MEMORY) };
+    let genmem_alias_hack = unsafe { &*slice_from_raw_parts(genmem_ptr, V0_IDENTITY_GEN_MEMORY) };
+    let genmem_u64_ptr = genmem_ptr.cast::<u64>();
+
+    let mut s20 = Salsa::new(&digest[0..32], &digest[32..40], false).unwrap();
+
+    s20.crypt(&crate::util::ZEROES[0..64], &mut genmem[0..64]);
+    let mut i: usize = 64;
+    while i < V0_IDENTITY_GEN_MEMORY {
+        let ii = i + 64;
+        s20.crypt(&genmem_alias_hack[(i - 64)..i], &mut genmem[i..ii]);
+        i = ii;
     }
 
-    fn generate_p521() {
+    i = 0;
+    while i < (V0_IDENTITY_GEN_MEMORY / 8) {
+        let idx1 = ((unsafe { *genmem_u64_ptr.offset(i as isize) }.to_be() % 8) * 8) as usize;
+        let idx2 = (unsafe { *genmem_u64_ptr.offset((i + 1) as isize) }.to_be() % (V0_IDENTITY_GEN_MEMORY as u64 / 8)) as usize;
+        let genmem_u64_at_idx2_ptr = unsafe { genmem_u64_ptr.offset(idx2 as isize) };
+        let tmp = unsafe { *genmem_u64_at_idx2_ptr };
+        let digest_u64_ptr = unsafe { digest.as_mut_ptr().offset(idx1 as isize).cast::<u64>() };
+        unsafe { *genmem_u64_at_idx2_ptr = *digest_u64_ptr };
+        unsafe { *digest_u64_ptr = tmp };
+        s20.crypt_in_place(digest);
+        i += 2;
+    }
+}
+
+impl Identity {
+    fn generate_c25519() -> Identity {
+        let genmem_layout = Layout::from_size_align(V0_IDENTITY_GEN_MEMORY, 8).unwrap();
+        let genmem_ptr = unsafe { alloc(genmem_layout) };
+        if genmem_ptr.is_null() {
+            panic!("unable to allocate memory for V0 identity generation");
+        }
+
+        let ed25519 = Ed25519KeyPair::generate();
+        let ed25519_pub_bytes = ed25519.public_bytes();
+        let mut sha = SHA512::new();
+        loop {
+            let c25519 = C25519KeyPair::generate();
+            let c25519_pub_bytes = c25519.public_bytes();
+
+            sha.update(&ed25519_pub_bytes);
+            sha.update(&c25519_pub_bytes);
+            let mut digest = sha.finish();
+
+            v0_frankenhash(&mut digest, genmem_ptr);
+            if digest[0] < 17 {
+                let addr = Address::from_bytes(&digest[59..64]).unwrap();
+                if addr.is_valid() {
+                    unsafe { dealloc(genmem_ptr, genmem_layout) };
+                    return Identity {
+                        address: addr,
+                        c25519: c25519_pub_bytes,
+                        ed25519: ed25519_pub_bytes,
+                        v1: None,
+                        secrets: Some(IdentitySecrets {
+                            c25519,
+                            ed25519,
+                            v1: None,
+                        }),
+                    };
+                }
+            }
+
+            sha.reset();
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn generate_p521() -> Identity {
+        let c25519 = C25519KeyPair::generate();
+        let ed25519 = Ed25519KeyPair::generate();
+        let p521_ecdh = P521KeyPair::generate(false).unwrap();
+        let p521_ecdsa = P521KeyPair::generate(false).unwrap();
+
+        let c25519_pub_bytes = c25519.public_bytes();
+        let ed25519_pub_bytes = ed25519.public_bytes();
+
+        let mut signing_buf = [0_u8; C25519_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE + ED25519_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE + P521_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE + P521_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE];
+        signing_buf[0..C25519_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE].copy_from_slice(&c25519_pub_bytes);
+        signing_buf[C25519_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE..(C25519_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE + ED25519_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE)].copy_from_slice(&ed25519_pub_bytes);
+        signing_buf[(C25519_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE + ED25519_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE)..(C25519_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE + ED25519_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE + P521_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE)].copy_from_slice(p521_ecdh.public_key_bytes());
+        signing_buf[(C25519_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE + ED25519_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE + P521_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE)..(C25519_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE + ED25519_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE + P521_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE + P521_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE)].copy_from_slice(p521_ecdsa.public_key_bytes());
+
+        loop {
+            // ECDSA is a randomized signature algorithm, so each signature will be different.
+            let sig = p521_ecdsa.sign(&signing_buf).unwrap();
+            let bh = balloon::hash::<{ V1_BALLOON_SPACE_COST }, { V1_BALLOON_TIME_COST }, { V1_BALLOON_DELTA }>(&sig, b"zt_id_v1");
+            if bh[0] < 7 {
+                let addr = Address::from_bytes(&bh[59..64]).unwrap();
+                if addr.is_valid() {
+                    let p521_ecdh_pub = p521_ecdh.public_key().clone();
+                    let p521_ecdsa_pub = p521_ecdsa.public_key().clone();
+                    return Identity {
+                        address: addr,
+                        c25519: c25519_pub_bytes,
+                        ed25519: ed25519_pub_bytes,
+                        v1: Some((p521_ecdh_pub, p521_ecdsa_pub, sig, bh)),
+                        secrets: Some(IdentitySecrets {
+                            c25519,
+                            ed25519,
+                            v1: Some((p521_ecdh, p521_ecdsa)),
+                        }),
+                    };
+                }
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     /// Generate a new identity.
@@ -41,24 +158,66 @@ impl Identity {
     /// take tens to hundreds of milliseconds on a typical 2020 system, while V1 identites
     /// take about 500ms. Generation can take a lot longer on low power devices, but only
     /// has to be done once.
-    pub fn generate(id_type: Type) {
+    pub fn generate(id_type: Type) -> Identity {
         match id_type {
             Type::C25519 => Self::generate_c25519(),
             Type::P521 => Self::generate_p521()
         }
     }
 
+    /// Locally validate this identity.
+    /// This can take a few milliseconds, especially on slower systems. V0 identities are slower
+    /// to fully validate than V1 identities.
+    pub fn locally_validate(&self) -> bool {
+        if self.v1.is_some() {
+            if self.address.is_valid() {
+                let genmem_layout = Layout::from_size_align(V0_IDENTITY_GEN_MEMORY, 8).unwrap();
+                let genmem_ptr = unsafe { alloc(genmem_layout) };
+                if genmem_ptr.is_null() {
+                    false
+                } else {
+                    let mut sha = SHA512::new();
+                    sha.update(&self.c25519);
+                    sha.update(&self.ed25519);
+                    let mut digest = sha.finish();
+                    v0_frankenhash(&mut digest, genmem_ptr);
+                    unsafe { dealloc(genmem_ptr, genmem_layout) };
+                    (digest[0] < 17) && Address::from_bytes(&digest[59..64]).unwrap().eq(&self.address)
+                }
+            } else {
+                false
+            }
+        } else {
+            if self.address.is_valid() {
+                let p521 = self.v1.as_ref().unwrap();
+                let mut signing_buf = [0_u8; C25519_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE + ED25519_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE + P521_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE + P521_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE];
+                signing_buf[0..C25519_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE].copy_from_slice(&self.c25519);
+                signing_buf[C25519_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE..(C25519_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE + ED25519_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE)].copy_from_slice(&self.ed25519);
+                signing_buf[(C25519_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE + ED25519_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE)..(C25519_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE + ED25519_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE + P521_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE)].copy_from_slice((*p521).0.public_key_bytes());
+                signing_buf[(C25519_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE + ED25519_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE + P521_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE)..(C25519_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE + ED25519_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE + P521_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE + P521_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE)].copy_from_slice((*p521).1.public_key_bytes());
+                if (*p521).1.verify(&signing_buf, &(*p521).2) {
+                    let bh = balloon::hash::<{ V1_BALLOON_SPACE_COST }, { V1_BALLOON_TIME_COST }, { V1_BALLOON_DELTA }>(&(*p521).2, b"zt_id_v1");
+                    (bh[0] < 7) && bh.eq(&(*p521).3) && Address::from_bytes(&bh[59..64]).unwrap().eq(&self.address)
+                } else {
+                    false
+                }
+            } else {
+                false
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Execute ECDH key agreement and return SHA384(shared secret).
     /// If both keys are type 1, key agreement is done with NIST P-521. Otherwise it's done
     /// with Curve25519. None is returned if there is an error such as this identity missing
     /// its secrets or a key being invalid.
     pub fn agree(&self, other_identity: &Identity) -> Option<[u8; 48]> {
         self.secrets.as_ref().map_or(None, |secrets| {
-            secrets.p521.as_ref().map_or_else(|| {
-                Some(SHA384::hash(&secrets.c25519.agree(&other_identity.c25519_public)))
+            secrets.v1.as_ref().map_or_else(|| {
+                Some(SHA384::hash(&secrets.c25519.agree(&other_identity.c25519)))
             }, |p521_secret| {
-                other_identity.p521_public.as_ref().map_or_else(|| {
-                    Some(SHA384::hash(&secrets.c25519.agree(&other_identity.c25519_public)))
+                other_identity.v1.as_ref().map_or_else(|| {
+                    Some(SHA384::hash(&secrets.c25519.agree(&other_identity.c25519)))
                 }, |other_p521_public| {
                     p521_secret.0.agree(&other_p521_public.0).map_or(None, |secret| Some(SHA384::hash(&secret)))
                 })
@@ -71,7 +230,7 @@ impl Identity {
     /// type. None is returned if this identity lacks secret keys or another error occurs.
     pub fn sign(&self, msg: &[u8]) -> Option<Vec<u8>> {
         self.secrets.as_ref().map_or(None, |secrets| {
-            secrets.p521.as_ref().map_or_else(|| {
+            secrets.v1.as_ref().map_or_else(|| {
                 Some(secrets.ed25519.sign(msg).to_vec())
             }, |p521_secret| {
                 p521_secret.1.sign(msg).map_or(None, |sig| Some(sig.to_vec()))
@@ -79,10 +238,19 @@ impl Identity {
         })
     }
 
+    /// Verify a signature.
+    pub fn verify(&self, msg: &[u8], signature: &[u8]) -> bool {
+        self.v1.as_ref().map_or_else(|| {
+            crate::crypto::c25519::ed25519_verify(&self.ed25519, signature, msg)
+        }, |p521| {
+            (*p521).1.verify(msg, signature)
+        })
+    }
+
     /// Get this identity's type.
     #[inline(always)]
     pub fn id_type(&self) -> Type {
-        if self.p521_public.is_some() {
+        if self.v1.is_some() {
             Type::P521
         } else {
             Type::C25519
@@ -100,7 +268,7 @@ impl Identity {
         self.secrets.as_ref().map_or_else(|| {
             self.to_string()
         }, |secrets| {
-            secrets.p521.as_ref().map_or_else(|| {
+            secrets.v1.as_ref().map_or_else(|| {
                 format!("{}:{}{}", self.to_string(), crate::util::hex::to_string(&secrets.c25519.secret_bytes()), crate::util::hex::to_string(&secrets.ed25519.secret_bytes()))
             }, |p521_secret| {
                 let mut secret_key_blob: Vec<u8> = Vec::new();
@@ -113,21 +281,170 @@ impl Identity {
             })
         })
     }
+
+    /// Append this in binary format to a buffer.
+    pub fn marshal<BH: RawObject, const BL: usize>(&self, buf: &mut Buffer<BH, BL>, include_private: bool) -> std::io::Result<()> {
+        buf.append_bytes_fixed(&self.address.to_bytes())?;
+        if self.v1.is_some() {
+            let p521 = self.v1.as_ref().unwrap();
+            buf.append_u8(1)?; // type 1
+            buf.append_bytes_fixed(&self.c25519)?;
+            buf.append_bytes_fixed(&self.ed25519)?;
+            buf.append_bytes_fixed((*p521).0.public_key_bytes())?;
+            buf.append_bytes_fixed((*p521).1.public_key_bytes())?;
+            buf.append_bytes_fixed(&(*p521).2)?;
+            buf.append_bytes_fixed(&(*p521).3)?;
+            if include_private && self.secrets.is_some() {
+                let secrets = self.secrets.as_ref().unwrap();
+                if secrets.v1.is_some() {
+                    let p521_secrets = secrets.v1.as_ref().unwrap();
+                    buf.append_u8((C25519_SECRET_KEY_SIZE + ED25519_SECRET_KEY_SIZE + P521_SECRET_KEY_SIZE + P521_SECRET_KEY_SIZE) as u8)?;
+                    buf.append_bytes_fixed(&secrets.c25519.secret_bytes())?;
+                    buf.append_bytes_fixed(&secrets.ed25519.secret_bytes())?;
+                    buf.append_bytes_fixed((*p521_secrets).0.secret_key_bytes())?;
+                    buf.append_bytes_fixed((*p521_secrets).1.secret_key_bytes())?;
+                }
+            } else {
+                buf.append_u8(0)?; // 0 secret bytes if not adding any
+            }
+        } else {
+            buf.append_and_init_bytes_fixed(|b: &mut [u8; 1 + C25519_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE + ED25519_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE]| {
+                b[0] = 0; // type 0
+                b[1..(1 + C25519_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE)].copy_from_slice(&self.c25519);
+                b[(1 + C25519_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE)..(1 + C25519_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE + ED25519_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE)].copy_from_slice(&self.ed25519);
+            })?;
+            if include_private && self.secrets.is_some() {
+                let secrets = self.secrets.as_ref().unwrap();
+                buf.append_u8((C25519_SECRET_KEY_SIZE + ED25519_SECRET_KEY_SIZE) as u8)?;
+                buf.append_bytes_fixed(&secrets.c25519.secret_bytes())?;
+                buf.append_bytes_fixed(&secrets.ed25519.secret_bytes())?;
+            } else {
+                buf.append_u8(0)?; // 0 secret bytes if not adding any
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Deserialize an Identity from a buffer.
+    /// The supplied cursor is advanced.
+    pub fn unmarshal<BH: RawObject, const BL: usize>(buf: &Buffer<BH, BL>, cursor: &mut usize) -> std::io::Result<Identity> {
+        let addr = Address::from_bytes(buf.get_bytes_fixed::<5>(cursor)?).unwrap();
+        let id_type = buf.get_u8(cursor)?;
+        if id_type == Type::C25519 as u8 {
+            let c25519_public_bytes = buf.get_bytes_fixed::<{ C25519_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE }>(cursor)?;
+            let ed25519_public_bytes = buf.get_bytes_fixed::<{ ED25519_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE }>(cursor)?;
+            let secrets_len = buf.get_u8(cursor)?;
+            if secrets_len == (C25519_SECRET_KEY_SIZE + ED25519_SECRET_KEY_SIZE) as u8 {
+                let c25519_secret_bytes = buf.get_bytes_fixed::<{ C25519_SECRET_KEY_SIZE }>(cursor)?;
+                let ed25519_secret_bytes = buf.get_bytes_fixed::<{ ED25519_SECRET_KEY_SIZE }>(cursor)?;
+                Ok(Identity {
+                    address: addr,
+                    c25519: c25519_public_bytes.clone(),
+                    ed25519: ed25519_public_bytes.clone(),
+                    v1: None,
+                    secrets: Some(IdentitySecrets {
+                        c25519: C25519KeyPair::from_bytes(c25519_public_bytes, c25519_secret_bytes).unwrap(),
+                        ed25519: Ed25519KeyPair::from_bytes(ed25519_public_bytes, ed25519_secret_bytes).unwrap(),
+                        v1: None,
+                    })
+                })
+            } else if secrets_len == 0 {
+                Ok(Identity {
+                    address: addr,
+                    c25519: c25519_public_bytes.clone(),
+                    ed25519: ed25519_public_bytes.clone(),
+                    v1: None,
+                    secrets: None
+                })
+            } else {
+                std::io::Result::Err(std::io::Error::new(std::io::ErrorKind::InvalidData, "unrecognized scret key length (type 0)"))
+            }
+        } else if id_type == Type::P521 as u8 {
+            let c25519_public_bytes = buf.get_bytes_fixed::<{ C25519_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE }>(cursor)?;
+            let ed25519_public_bytes = buf.get_bytes_fixed::<{ ED25519_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE }>(cursor)?;
+            let p521_ecdh_public_bytes = buf.get_bytes_fixed::<{ P521_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE }>(cursor)?;
+            let p521_ecdsa_public_bytes = buf.get_bytes_fixed::<{ P521_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE }>(cursor)?;
+            let p521_signature = buf.get_bytes_fixed::<{ P521_ECDSA_SIGNATURE_SIZE }>(cursor)?;
+            let bh_digest = buf.get_bytes_fixed::<{ SHA512_HASH_SIZE }>(cursor)?;
+            let secrets_len = buf.get_u8(cursor)?;
+            if secrets_len == (C25519_SECRET_KEY_SIZE + ED25519_SECRET_KEY_SIZE + P521_SECRET_KEY_SIZE + P521_SECRET_KEY_SIZE) as u8 {
+                let c25519_secret_bytes = buf.get_bytes_fixed::<{ C25519_SECRET_KEY_SIZE }>(cursor)?;
+                let ed25519_secret_bytes = buf.get_bytes_fixed::<{ ED25519_SECRET_KEY_SIZE }>(cursor)?;
+                let p521_ecdh_secret_bytes = buf.get_bytes_fixed::<{ P521_SECRET_KEY_SIZE }>(cursor)?;
+                let p521_ecdsa_secret_bytes = buf.get_bytes_fixed::<{ P521_SECRET_KEY_SIZE }>(cursor)?;
+                Ok(Identity {
+                    address: addr,
+                    c25519: c25519_public_bytes.clone(),
+                    ed25519: ed25519_public_bytes.clone(),
+                    v1: Some((P521PublicKey::from_bytes(p521_ecdh_public_bytes).unwrap(), P521PublicKey::from_bytes(p521_ecdsa_public_bytes).unwrap(), p521_signature.clone(), bh_digest. clone())),
+                    secrets: Some(IdentitySecrets {
+                        c25519: C25519KeyPair::from_bytes(c25519_public_bytes, c25519_secret_bytes).unwrap(),
+                        ed25519: Ed25519KeyPair::from_bytes(ed25519_public_bytes, ed25519_secret_bytes).unwrap(),
+                        v1: Some((P521KeyPair::from_bytes(p521_ecdh_public_bytes, p521_ecdh_secret_bytes).unwrap(), P521KeyPair::from_bytes(p521_ecdsa_public_bytes, p521_ecdsa_secret_bytes).unwrap())),
+                    })
+                })
+            } else if secrets_len == 0 {
+                Ok(Identity {
+                    address: addr,
+                    c25519: c25519_public_bytes.clone(),
+                    ed25519: ed25519_public_bytes.clone(),
+                    v1: Some((P521PublicKey::from_bytes(p521_ecdh_public_bytes).unwrap(), P521PublicKey::from_bytes(p521_ecdsa_public_bytes).unwrap(), p521_signature.clone(), bh_digest. clone())),
+                    secrets: None
+                })
+            } else {
+                std::io::Result::Err(std::io::Error::new(std::io::ErrorKind::InvalidData, "invalid secret key length (type 1)"))
+            }
+        } else {
+            std::io::Result::Err(std::io::Error::new(std::io::ErrorKind::InvalidData, "unrecognized identity type"))
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Get this identity in byte array format.
+    pub fn marshal_to_vec(&self, include_private: bool) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let mut buf: Buffer<NoHeader, 2048> = Buffer::new();
+        self.marshal(&mut buf, include_private).expect("overflow");
+        buf.as_bytes().to_vec()
+    }
 }
 
 impl ToString for Identity {
     fn to_string(&self) -> String {
-        self.p521_public.as_ref().map_or_else(|| {
-            format!("{:0>10x}:0:{}{}", self.address.to_u64(), crate::util::hex::to_string(&self.c25519_public), crate::util::hex::to_string(&self.ed25519_public))
+        self.v1.as_ref().map_or_else(|| {
+            format!("{:0>10x}:0:{}{}", self.address.to_u64(), crate::util::hex::to_string(&self.c25519), crate::util::hex::to_string(&self.ed25519))
         }, |p521_public| {
             let mut public_key_blob: Vec<u8> = Vec::new();
-            public_key_blob.reserve(C25519_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE + ED25519_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE + P521_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE + P521_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE + P521_ECDSA_SIGNATURE_SIZE);
-            let _ = public_key_blob.write_all(&self.c25519_public);
-            let _ = public_key_blob.write_all(&self.ed25519_public);
+            public_key_blob.reserve(C25519_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE + ED25519_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE + P521_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE + P521_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE + P521_ECDSA_SIGNATURE_SIZE + SHA512_HASH_SIZE);
+            let _ = public_key_blob.write_all(&self.c25519);
+            let _ = public_key_blob.write_all(&self.ed25519);
             let _ = public_key_blob.write_all(p521_public.0.public_key_bytes());
             let _ = public_key_blob.write_all(p521_public.1.public_key_bytes());
             let _ = public_key_blob.write_all(&p521_public.2);
+            let _ = public_key_blob.write_all(&p521_public.3);
             format!("{:0>10x}:1:{}", self.address.to_u64(), base64::encode_config(public_key_blob.as_slice(), base64::URL_SAFE_NO_PAD))
         })
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    #[allow(unused_imports)]
+    use crate::vl1::Identity;
+    #[allow(unused_imports)]
+    use crate::vl1::identity::Type;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn p521() {
+        /*
+        let mut ms = 0.0;
+        let mut id: Option<Identity> = None;
+        for _ in 0..64 {
+            let start = std::time::SystemTime::now();
+            id.replace(Identity::generate(Type::P521));
+            let duration = std::time::SystemTime::now().duration_since(start).unwrap();
+            ms += duration.as_nanos() as f64 / 1000000.0;
+        }
+        ms /= 64.0;
+        println!("{}ms {}", ms, id.unwrap().to_secret_string());
+        */
+    }
+}
diff --git a/network-hypervisor/src/vl1/mod.rs b/network-hypervisor/src/vl1/mod.rs
index 4ca557fe1..466187dcf 100644
--- a/network-hypervisor/src/vl1/mod.rs
+++ b/network-hypervisor/src/vl1/mod.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,9 @@ pub mod protocol;
 pub mod packet;
 pub mod buffer;
 pub mod node;
+pub mod identity;
+
 mod address;
-mod identity;
 
 pub use address::Address;
+pub use identity::Identity;